Financial literature has produced a long list of firm characteristics (referred to as factors) that provide information as to future stock returns, with the explanation for the casual relationship between the characteristics and returns being either risk- or behavioral-based. The traditional finance

The problem of missing financial data is widespread yet often overlooked. An interesting insight into the structure of missing financial data provides a novel research paper by authors Bryzgalova et al. (2022). Firstly, examining the dataset of the 45 most popular characteristics in asset pricing,

Unlike other derivatives markets, for commodity futures, there is a direct relation between economic activity and demand for the underlying assets. Data on industrial production and inventory build-ups indicate whether recent past demand for industrial commodities has been excessive or repressed.

Deutsche Bank Currency Volatility Index was developed to provide an implied volatility benchmark for major currency markets. The index is designed to represent investors’ expectation of future volatility, and is calculated as the weighted arithmetic average of the 3-month level of implied

Much like in 2008, managed futures as an investment strategy had an impressive year in 2022. With most traditional asset classes struggling to navigate the inflationary macroeconomic environment, managed futures has been drawing interest as a potential diversifier. Managed futures is a hedge fund

Over the last few years, a number of new market data providers have come online. They tend to have modern websites, broad coverage, and well-documented RESTful APIs. Their services are often priced very competitively – especially for personal use – and usually have generous free tiers. One such

Short-biased hedge funds provided negative S&P 500 beta until 2011 Thereafter returns became less negatively correlated, but worsened The strategy has generated limited diversification benefits for investors INTRODUCTION Running a hedge fund is tough, but some types are tougher to manage than

Bayesian statistics is a powerful field of mathematics that has wide-ranging applications in many fields, including finance, medical research, and information technology. It allows us to combine prior beliefs with evidence to obtain new posterior beliefs, thereby enabling us to make more informed

HAA aims to offer retail investors a tactical asset allocation strategy that is both balanced and aggressive at the same time. HAA’s hybrid approach combines traditional dual momentum with canary momentum which results in robust crash protection with low cash-fractions. HAA effectively selects

Suppose, in a national TV newscast, instead of citing data, analysis and predictions from major government agencies, the weatherperson displayed a chart of recent temperatures, noting “trends,” “waves” and “breakout patterns.” Most of us would not have confidence in such a dubious and

As seen in the table below, the four-year period November 2016-October 2020 could be described as a “dark winter” for value stocks. U.S. value stocks underperformed U.S. growth stocks by 16.81 percentage points per annum (20.35% vs. 3.54%), the largest historical drawdown for value stocks in the

Submergence = Drawdown Plus Recovery Dane Rook (Stanford University), et al. February 2023 Drawdowns and recoveries are often analyzed separately – yet doing so can leave investors with a distorted view of risk. Indeed, this problem is so commonplace that there’s no consistently-used term for

Cryptocurrencies are a high-risk and very speculative asset class that, from being used only by tech geeks worldwide, spread from small retail craziness of early adopters to institutional adoption and mainstream. Some claim it to be a world-changing concept with the utilization of blockchain

The financial industry is constantly searching for models that can help accurately predict the behavior of interest rates. In this article we will explore one of the most widely used models for this purpose, the Nelson-Siegel (NS) model. What is the Nelson-Siegel Model? The NS model is a yield curve

The S&P 500 has meaningful exposure to international markets Measuring geographical exposure can be done top-down or bottom-up However, both approaches have flaws INTRODUCTION Globalization has significantly improved our lives, although some countries like Germany have benefitted more than

Attention all traders! Are you looking for a cutting-edge way to dominate the markets and maximize your profits? Look no further than the power of ChatGPT and TradingView. By combining the advanced AI capabilities of ChatGPT with the unparalleled charting and analysis tools of TradingView, you can

In his TASC February 2023 article, John Ehlers proposed to use the average of open and close, rather than the close price, for technical indicators. The advantage is a certain amount of noise reduction. On intraday bars the open-close average is similar to an SMA(2). It makes the data a bit

The recorded history of modern financial markets and macroeconomic developments is limited. Hence, statistical analysis of macro trading factors often relies on panels, sets of time series across different currency areas. However, country experiences are not independent and subject to common

The US dollar is the world’s primary reserve currency, is the most widely traded currency in the world (making up over 85% of all foreign exchange transactions), and is used as the benchmark currency for pricing many commodities such as oil and gold. We can say that the US dollar is the blood of

As Cliff Asness demonstrated in his 2012 paper “An Old Friend: The Stock Market’s Shiller P/E,” valuations provide quite a bit of important information for investors. What do valuation spreads tell us about future expected returns? Higher starting values mean that not only are future expected

Lots of things have changed in the last year. Many unthinkable things are now thinkable. A war in Europe. The UK coming 2nd in the Eurovision song contest rather than the usual dismal 'null points'. And of course, the correlation of stocks and bonds has recently gone more positive than it

Growth ETFs are not very differentiated, despite growth having various interpretations 34 out of 40 growth ETFs underperformed the stock market over the last 3 years Nor was the long-term performance attractive INTRODUCTION Factors like value or momentum are also called stock market anomalies as

In a lot of my work, including my new book, I use two different ways of measuring standard deviation. The first method, which most people are familiar with, is to use some series of recent percentage returns. Given a series of prices p_t you might imagine the calculation would be something like

Many investors, especially those using a cash flow approach to spending, have long known that they prefer cash dividends. From the perspective of classical financial theory, this behavior is an anomaly. In their 1961 paper, “Dividend Policy, Growth, and the Valuation of Shares,” Merton Miller

As readers of my books will know, I don't recommend leveraged ETFs as a way to get leverage. Their ways are very dark and mysterious. But like many dark and mysterious things, they are also kind of funky and cool. In this post I will explore their general funkiness, and I will also show you how

SPX will post a Golden Cross on Thursday afternoon. A Golden Cross occurs when the 50ma crosses over the 200ma. Having the 50ma above the 200ma is commonly considered a bullish market condition – and generally it is. In the 7/9/20 blog post I looked at SPX Golden Crosses dating all the way back to

I run some experiments on the impact of covariance matrix construction on portfolio stability. In particular, the following ways to generate a covariance matrix will be attempted: Sample covariance — the most basic approach to construct a simple covariance matrix based on historical return data

The theme of rebalancing in longer-term investing is neglected but important as it influences the overall portfolio’s performance and risk. Unfortunately, many investors are inconsistent in choosing dates for their rebalances of portfolios, resulting in hardly predictable results (whether

This is the second post in a series I'm doing about whether I can trade faster strategies than I currently do, without being destroyed by high trading costs. The series is motivated in the first post, here. In this post, I see if it's possible to 'smuggle in' high cost trading

Generally, a quant is a professional in the financial technology industry who designs complex algorithms with the help of quantitative analysis. Quants are skilled in mathematics, finance, and computer skills. In the trading domain, quants design and implement algorithms to predict the price and

Using monthly versus daily returns when calculating correlations can change the perspective Foreign stock markets and US bond markets were highly correlated to US stocks using monthly returns Diversification benefits may have been significantly overstated using daily returns INTRODUCTION Investing

A new paper, Causal factor investing: Can factor investing become scientific?, has been written by our esteemed colleague Marcos Lopez de Prado of Cornell University, Abu Dhabi Investment Authority and True Positive Technologies. In his 75-page preprint, Lopez de Prado argues that almost all journal

Using portfolio theory, the authors of this piece develop an approach for estimating the degree of political risk between a country and its export destination and the status of political relationships. The research about political beta presented is the first to apply portfolio theory to problems

A couple of new and interesting developments concerning the Global Growth Cycle strategy are available: - first of all, what I've called an important test of the strategy from 2021/22 apparently went well. The ensuing bear market of 2022 has been largely avoided by positioning per the GGC. The

An extract from my new book, Equity Analytics.

Volatility is one of the best known and most widely used concepts in finance. Given a price series of a financial instrument, its volatility is defined as the dispersion of the returns. This measure is used to compare securities in terms of risk. But in order to compare, sometimes it is necessary to

The fiscal stance of governments can be a powerful force in local fixed-income markets. On its own, an expansionary stance is seen as a headwind for long-duration or government bond positions due to increased debt issuance, greater default or inflation risk, and less need for monetary policy

We have published a new paper on the topic of rebalance timing luck in option strategies: The Hidden Cost in Costless Put-Spread Collars: Rebalance Timing Luck. Prior research and empirical investment results demonstrate that strategy performance can be highly sensitive to rebalance schedules, an

An extract from the chapter on pairs trading from my forthcoming book Equity Analytics

Growth stocks can be defined via valuations, fundamentals, or performance These stocks have generated essentially zero excess returns since 2005 Neither has the inverse basket (low valuations, low growth, low momentum) INTRODUCTION When Yale history professor Sherman Kent interviewed 23 NATO

Do Sector ETFs Outperform Treasury Bills? Gow-Cheng Huang (Tuskegee U.) and Kartono Liano (Mississippi State U.) June 2022 Unlike individual stocks, more than 67% of sector ETFs have lifetime buy-and-hold returns that are higher than the T-bill rates. Thus, the majority of sector ETFs outperform

The year 2022 was a difficult one for investors in traditional 60/40 portfolios, as equities all around the globe and bonds produced double-digit losses, a very rare event. Can factor strategies mitigate risk? That performance has heightened interest in the diversification benefits of factor-based

As you can probably tell by my other articles (for example here, here and here), I am a big fan of GARCH models. Forecasting conditional variance is arguably the best we can get in predicting stock returns out of themselves. Still, the GARCH family is no silver bullet that suddenly makes you a stock

When we first started publicly writing and talking about capital efficiency in 2017 – the predecessor conversation to return stackingTM – the 13-week U.S. Treasury Bill rate sat around 1.30%. The prototypical example at the time was a 1.5x levered 60% stock / 40% bond portfolio (also referred to

Surely everyone has suffered/enjoyed a sudden movement of a stock in a portfolio when the underlying company has reported earnings. Now that the earnings report season is starting you may wonder if there exists a way to avoid those shocks in the stocks without missing performance in your

Continuing the series of blog posts on diversification indicators, I describe in this post a correlation-based measure of portfolio diversification called the diversification ratio, initially introduced by Yves Choueffaty and Yves Coignard in their paper Toward maximum diversification1 and later

This article attempts to demystify the approach and methodology used to characterize the risk and return relationship in private equity today. The illiquid nature of the asset class makes the demystification of private equity returns difficult to achieve under any circumstances. Still, the framework

On Thursday afternoon I witnessed 3 different breadth thrust signals I watch all trigger on the same day. The signals, with link to learn more about them are: Walter Deemer’s Breakaway Momentum (BAM) signal Wayne Whaley’s Advance Decline Thrust (5) from his paper “Planes, Trains, and

Beta-neutral value, momentum, and low volatility factors are currently highly correlated to the S&P 500 The correlation is temporary rather than structural Likely explained by the downturn in tech stocks that benefits these factors INTRODUCTION We recently published our quarterly Factor Olympics

It is needless to say about next big thing in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) known as ChatGPT. ChatGPT is a large language model developed by OpenAI. It is based on the GPT (Generative Pre-training Transformer) architecture and is trained on a massive dataset of text data. This allows it