Quant Mashup - Alpha Architect
Political beta: what does portfolio theory tell us? [Alpha Architect]
Using portfolio theory, the authors of this piece develop an approach for estimating the degree of political risk between a country and its export destination and the status of political relationships. The research about political beta presented is the first to apply portfolio theory to problems
- 2 years ago, 30 Jan 2023, 09:43pm -
Mitigating Risks with Factor Strategies [Alpha Architect]
The year 2022 was a difficult one for investors in traditional 60/40 portfolios, as equities all around the globe and bonds produced double-digit losses, a very rare event. Can factor strategies mitigate risk? That performance has heightened interest in the diversification benefits of factor-based
- 2 years ago, 23 Jan 2023, 01:10pm -
Expected Returns for Private Equity Will Probably Suck [Alpha Architect]
This article attempts to demystify the approach and methodology used to characterize the risk and return relationship in private equity today. The illiquid nature of the asset class makes the demystification of private equity returns difficult to achieve under any circumstances. Still, the framework
- 2 years ago, 17 Jan 2023, 03:10pm -
The Value Factor and Deleveraging [Alpha Architect]
In his 2011 presidential address to the American Finance Association, John Cochrane coined the term “zoo of factors,” reflecting concerns about the quality of financial research. How do you separate the signal from the noise? In our book “Your Complete Guide to Factor-Based Investing,”
- 2 years ago, 14 Jan 2023, 10:30am -
Optimal Trend Following with Transaction Costs [Alpha Architect]
Despite the widespread popularity of trend-following investing, little is known about optimal trend-following with transaction costs. A few existing studies consider this question using a continuous-time model within the stochastic optimal control theory framework. However, despite being
- 2 years ago, 5 Jan 2023, 10:07pm -
Asset pricing theory & the role labor displacement plays [Alpha Architect]
In this article about asset pricing theory, we examine the research on the impact of technological advances that displace human labor in favor of machine capital to asset pricing. Automation and the displacement of labor by capita: Asset pricing theory and empirical evidence Jiˇrí Knesl Journal of
- 2 years ago, 4 Jan 2023, 10:17am -
Expected Returns to Green Stocks [Alpha Architect]
The past decade has seen a dramatic growth in sustainable investing—applying environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria to investment strategies. Investments considered environmentally friendly are often referred to as “green,” while “brown” denotes the opposite. Important
- 2 years ago, 2 Jan 2023, 03:28pm -
Geopolitical risk: novel econometric methods! [Alpha Architect]
Traditional measures of geopolitical risk have been primarily qualitative. In this article, the authors describe and analyze not just new, but novel measures including textual analysis of news and expert reports, novel econometric methods and machine learning applications for measuring geopolitical
- 2 years ago, 29 Dec 2022, 06:35pm -
Multi-Factor Long-Short Portfolios – how have they performed? [Alpha Architect]
Multi-factor, long-short portfolios have provided significant portfolio diversification benefits by adding unique sources of risks that have historically produced premiums that meet the criteria Andrew Berkin and I established in our book “Your Complete Guide to Factor-Based Investing”—the
- 2 years ago, 27 Dec 2022, 10:12am -
Scale in Active Management - a look at its Diseconomies [Alpha Architect]
Pastor, Stambaugh, and Taylor (2015) and Zhu (2018) provide significant evidence of decreasing returns to scale (DRS) at both the fund and industry levels. The authors examine the robustness of their inferences after Adams, Hayunga, and Mansi (2021) critique the above two studies. What are the
- 2 years ago, 20 Dec 2022, 06:50pm -
Machine Learning and Emerging Market Stock Returns [Alpha Architect]
More specifically, the paper differentiates between: Traditional linear models (ordinary least squares regression and elastic net) and Machine learning methods that allow for non-linearities and interactions (tree-based models such gradient boosted regression trees and random forest and neural
- 2 years ago, 16 Dec 2022, 08:40pm -
Volatility scaling: is it useful for factor timing? [Alpha Architect]
The research summarized here is built upon a documented risk management strategy applied to factor investing (Barroso and Santa-Clara, 2015; Moreira and Muir, 2017). The idea was to overlay a scaled volatility measure designed to change risk exposures and hopefully produce higher Sharpe ratios. That
- 2 years ago, 13 Dec 2022, 09:41pm -
The Size Effect: Does it vary in accordance with monetary policy? [Alpha Architect]
The size effect was first documented by Rolf Banz in his 1981 paper “The Relationship Between Return and Market Value of Common Stocks,” which was published in the Journal of Financial Economics. After the 1992 publication of Eugene Fama and Kenneth French’s paper “The Cross-Section of
- 2 years ago, 11 Dec 2022, 09:30pm -
Investing in Deflation, Inflation, and Stagflation Regimes [Alpha Architect]
Spikes in inflation and fear of stagflation prompted this study which answers the following question: 1. How do risk premiums and investment strategies behave across inflationary regimes like periods of high inflation, deflation, or stagflation? What are the Academic Insights? By utilizing the
- 2 years ago, 6 Dec 2022, 09:52pm -
Trend Following and Relative Sentiment: Complementary Factors [Alpha Architect]
Trend following (time series momentum) is one of the most well-documented and well-known factors in investing, demonstrating persistence, pervasiveness, robustness, and implementability (survives transaction costs). Lesser well-known is relative sentiment—an indicator that measures the positions,
- 2 years ago, 3 Dec 2022, 06:52pm -
Option Momentum: does it work? [Alpha Architect]
Several studies show momentum works in global equities, corporate bonds, currencies, and commodities. This paper asks the following research question: Does momentum work within option markets? What are the Academic Insights? By focusing on the returns of delta-neutral straddles (from 1996 to 2019)
- 2 years ago, 25 Nov 2022, 09:43am -
Trend-Following Rules in Two-State Regime-Switching Models [Alpha Architect]
Academic research on trend-following investing has almost exclusively been focused on testing the profitability of various trading rules. Most of these rules are based on moving averages of past prices. The most popular is the Simple Moving Average (SMA). Less commonly used types of moving averages
- 2 years ago, 20 Nov 2022, 09:47pm -
Active manager bias – is it the same as for individual investors? [Alpha Architect]
The empirical research on the ability of actively managed funds, including such studies as the 2002 paper “Mutual Fund Performance: An Empirical Decomposition into Stock-Picking Talent, Style, Transactions Costs, and Expenses” by Russ Wermers, has found that they do have the ability to identify
- 2 years ago, 20 Nov 2022, 09:47pm -
Industry and factor momentum: is there a theoretical foundation? [Alpha Architect]
This post is the second and final portion of the review on momentum published on Momentum literature. The seminal article on momentum was published by Jegadeesh and Titman in 1993. Although the Jegadeesh article foreshadowed much of the research on cross-sectional and time series momentum at the
- 2 years ago, 14 Nov 2022, 09:57pm -
The decline in interest rates: its role in asset pricing anomalies [Alpha Architect]
At its most basic level, factor-based investing is simply about defining, and then systematically following, a set of rules that produce diversified portfolios. An example of factor-based investing is a value strategy, buying cheap (low valuation) assets and selling expensive (high valuation)
- 2 years ago, 10 Nov 2022, 09:25pm -
The Cross Section of Stock Returns Pre CRSP data [Alpha Architect]
What are the Research Questions? Several studies reveal variables that predict cross-sectional differences in stock returns but mainly rely on a sample of U.S. stocks, mostly covering the post-1963 period. These studies are often criticized for potential data mining issues since the database never
- 2 years ago, 7 Nov 2022, 10:45pm -
Market Risk and Speculative Factors [Alpha Architect]
There are basically two types of investors, those that are risk averse and, thus, both demand risk premiums for taking risk and diversify their holdings, and those who are risk seekers who have a preference for positively skewed (lottery-like) returns which leads them to speculate and concentrate
- 2 years ago, 7 Nov 2022, 09:29am -
Momentum literature: an analysis of 30 years [Alpha Architect]
n this article, the author examines the research published over the last 30 years on momentum and its theoretical credibility. One of the original momentum articles was published by Jegadeesh and Titman in 1993, and is considered the seminal work on the topic. The research review contained in this
- 2 years ago, 2 Nov 2022, 10:33pm -
Momentum Gap - its role in reducing crashes [Alpha Architect]
This article discusses the academic research about the Momentum Gap and the role that its predictive potential may have in reducing momentum crashes, hence possibly improving performance. In our book “Your Complete Guide to Factor-Based Investing,” Andrew Berkin and I presented the evidence
- 2 years ago, 29 Oct 2022, 09:05pm -
Asynchronous Trading Revisited: Practical Implications [Alpha Architect]
In this article, the author examines several important questions related to asynchronous trading, or the variation in trading frequency that occurs when trading stocks or other assets. Timo Wiedemann, University of Muenster (Germany) The newest version of the paper can be found here. What are the
- 2 years ago, 29 Oct 2022, 09:05pm -
The Effect of Indexing on Price Discovery and Limits to Arbitrage [Alpha Architect]
The rise of stock indexing has raised concerns that index investing distorts stock prices—indexers are free riders who rely on prices without contributing to price discovery, thus reducing price efficiency. Byung Ahn and Panos Patatoukas, authors of the study “Identifying the Effect of Stock
- 2 years ago, 24 Oct 2022, 11:06am -
Democracy: is it better for the stock market? [Alpha Architect]
In this article, we examine the research that addresses the question of whether or not democracy leads to better possible outcomes for the stock market. Democracy and Stock Returns Xun Lei and Tomasz Piotr Wisniewski SSRN Working Paper A version of this paper can be found here Want to read our
- 2 years ago, 18 Oct 2022, 02:01am -
Lottery Demand and the Asset Growth Anomaly [Alpha Architect]
It is well documented in the literature that over the long term, low-investment firms have outperformed high-investment firms—with the negative relation between asset growth (AG) and future stock returns particularly featured by the overvaluation of high AG stocks. This finding has led to the
- 2 years ago, 16 Oct 2022, 10:17am -
Momentum Everywhere, Including Emerging Markets [Alpha Architect]
In order for investors to determine which of the hundreds of factors in what John Cochrane famously called the “zoo of factors” were worthy of investment, Andrew Berkin and I set out seven criteria in our book “Your Complete Guide to Factor-based Investing.” For a factor to be considered, it
- 2 years ago, 7 Oct 2022, 10:42am -
Consumer Spending Data and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns [Alpha Architect]
Consumer demand drives the cash flows of consumer-oriented companies. Thus, they should serve as a reliable source of information to predict future fundamentals above and beyond the information contained in financial statements and readily available market data. For example, Jiekun Huang, author of
- 2 years ago, 24 Sep 2022, 09:49am -
Should Levered and Inverse ETFs Even Exist? [Alpha Architect]
In 2019, the SEC proposed that all brokers and advisors be required to determine whether or not their clients understood the risks of investing in levered and inverse exchange traded products before selling such products to them. The SEC moved on this requirement in response to a series of fund
- 2 years ago, 24 Sep 2022, 09:49am -
Has the Stock Market Systematically Changed? [Alpha Architect]
The past few years in the stock market have been pretty crazy. And the pinnacle of “crazy” was during March 2020 — peak chaos in the stock market. Below is a chart of US large-cap stocks and small-cap stocks in 2020. Note the monster crash in March — watch out below! Source: koyfin.com As an
- 2 years ago, 20 Sep 2022, 10:48pm -
How Did Momentum Investing Perform After the Previous Two Valuation Peaks? [Alpha Architect]
Near the end of 2021, I wrote an article noting that value portfolios looked historically cheap based on valuation spreads. I found that in the next five years (after the peak), Value investing performed quite well.(1) Following this post, I have received numerous questions related to the following
- 2 years ago, 19 Sep 2022, 11:15am -
The Short-Duration Equity Premium [Alpha Architect]
The objective of research into asset pricing is to determine which characteristics are most important for predicting returns and then build simplified models using as few factors as possible—to tame the so-called “zoo of factors”—while still providing a high level of explanatory power. In
- 2 years ago, 16 Sep 2022, 07:06am -
Momentum - a separate factor or does it subsume stock risk? [Alpha Architect]
Breaking new ground, the authors present a novel view on the nature and source of “momentum” that differs from our current understanding of momentum, whether it be industry momentum, residual, or any other version of momentum. Explanations of the source of profitability for momentum strategies
- 2 years ago, 14 Sep 2022, 01:50am -
Brand Values and Long-Term Stock Returns [Alpha Architect]
Despite the fact that a company’s internally generated intangible investments create future value, (Summary) under current U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, internally developed intangibles are not included in reported assets. While research and development (R&D) is an important
- 2 years ago, 9 Sep 2022, 09:53am -
How You Sort Matters in Sorting Factor Portfolios [Alpha Architect]
In “Your Complete Guide to Factor-Based Investing,” Andrew Berkin and I established criteria that must be met before considering investing in a factor-based strategy. We established the criteria to minimize the risks that any findings were the result of data-mining exercises. Data mining occurs
- 2 years ago, 2 Sep 2022, 09:35am -
Is Relative Sentiment an Anomaly? [Alpha Architect]
Relative sentiment is an indicator that measures the positions, flows, and attitudes of institutional investors compared to those of individual investors–where institutions typically consist of large asset managers, insurance companies, pension funds, and endowments. In some instances,
- 2 years ago, 23 Aug 2022, 09:56pm -
Alpha from Short-Term Signals [Alpha Architect]
In “Your Complete Guide to Factor-Based Investing” Andrew Berkin and I provided six criteria that had to be met in order to determine which exhibits in the “factor zoo” are worthy of investment. For a factor to be considered, it must meet all of the following tests. To start, it must provide
- 2 years ago, 19 Aug 2022, 12:19am -
Mining Credit Card Data for Stock Returns [Alpha Architect]
In this article, the authors explore an alternative measure of consumer demand from a unique dataset of individual credit and debit card daily transactions ( available one week after the transaction was made on average) from January 2013 to December 2019. They ask the following: Can more timely
- 2 years ago, 15 Aug 2022, 11:31pm -
Treasury Bonds: Buy and Hold or Trend Follow? [Alpha Architect]
We were recently asked what we thought about bonds as an investment. A lot of this was inspired by my comments on bonds via a discussion on how I personally invest. I’ll repost what I said on bonds below: What are your thoughts on bonds and commodities? In general, I’m not a fan of corporate
- 2 years ago, 10 Aug 2022, 10:32pm -
What Drives Momentum and Reversal? [Alpha Architect]
What are the research questions? Theories abound in the financial literature explaining the drivers of momentum and reversal in one way or another. Not surprisingly, most portray the role of public and private information as key to the underlying relationships and weigh the type of information
- 2 years ago, 10 Aug 2022, 10:22am -
Avoiding Momentum Crashes [Alpha Architect]
In our book “Your Complete Guide to Factor-Based Investing,” Andrew Berkin and I presented the evidence demonstrating that momentum, both cross-sectional (CSMOM) and time-series (TSMOM), has provided a premium that has been found to be persistent across time and economic regimes, pervasive
- 2 years ago, 4 Aug 2022, 09:19pm -
Trend Following Says Commodities...But Nothing Else! [Alpha Architect]
Just recently we posted the trend-following weights for our Robust Asset Allocation model. Something interesting happened — the model suggested zero exposure to every asset, except commodities(1) source: https://alphaarchitect.com/indexes/trend/#trendasset My knee-jerk reaction was, “Wow, never
- 2 years ago, 3 Aug 2022, 08:56pm -
Do Stocks Efficiently Predict Recessions? [Alpha Architect]
What are the Research Questions? There is abundant literature on the relationship between the business cycle and future stock returns. The traditional view is that stocks are rationally priced to immediately reflect investors’ expectations about future economic activity and that expected excess
- 2 years ago, 1 Aug 2022, 11:57am -
The Expected Returns to ESG-Excluded Stocks [Alpha Architect]
As Sam Adams and I explained in our new book, “Your Essential Guide to Sustainable Investing,” while sustainable investing continues to gain in popularity, economic theory suggests that if a large enough proportion of investors choose to favor companies with high sustainability ratings (green
- 2 years ago, 28 Jul 2022, 11:30pm -
Relative Sentiment and Machine Learning for Tactical Asset Allocation: Out-of-Sample Results [Alpha Architect]
In our last installment, we reviewed the performance–across four regions–of a machine-learning-based Sentix relative sentiment model for tactical asset allocation. The regions included: the USA, Europe, Japan, and Asia ex-Japan (referred to as USA, EUR, JPN, and AEJ, respectively, in the charts
- 2 years ago, 22 Jul 2022, 11:26am -
Short Sellers Are Informed Investors [Alpha Architect]
Short sellers play a valuable role in keeping market prices efficient by preventing overpricing and the formation of price bubbles in financial markets. Market efficiency is important because an efficient market allocates capital efficiently. If short sellers were inhibited from expressing their
- 2 years ago, 22 Jul 2022, 11:25am -
Can We Measure Inflation with Twitter [Alpha Architect]
Twitter is an interesting dataset for researchers interested in consumer beliefs. (200 million monthly active users worldwide (Elon Musk may disagree!) and about 10 million active users in Italy in 2019 (AGCOM 2020)). Inflation expectations are at the heart of any consumption and investment decision
- 2 years ago, 18 Jul 2022, 11:38pm -
Momentum Everywhere, Including in Factors [Alpha Architect]
Empirical research, including the 2017 paper “A Century of Evidence on Trend-Following Investing,” has found momentum to be a persistent and pervasive factor in returns of not only stocks but other asset classes as well, including bonds, commodities, and currencies. Recent empirical research on
- 2 years ago, 14 Jul 2022, 11:25pm -